Background
The purpose of this study was to investigate the mid-term functional and structural results of the implant-free arthroscopic technique of loop tenodesis procedure for the treatment of tendon pathologies of the long head of biceps brachii (LHB).
Methods
For a prospective case series, patients presenting with LHB tendinopathy, instability, partial tear or superior labrum from anterior to posterior lesions, and undergoing shoulder arthroscopy were recruited between November 2018 and November 2019. All patients received loop tenodesis of the LHB tendon alongside concomitant rotator cuff repair or labral procedures. Follow-up (FU) visits were scheduled at 6 weeks, 6 months, 12 months, and 24 months postoperatively. Biceps-related functional outcome was assessed by using the LHB score as a primary outcome parameter. Secondary outcome measures included global shoulder functional scores (Constant-Murley score [CMS] and Subjective Shoulder Value [SSV]), ultrasound assessment for tenodesis integrity, and evaluations of supination torque and elbow flexion strength.
Results
Eighty-one patients (aged 51.5 ± 9.5 years) underwent loop tenodesis to address LHB pathologies, of which 64 patients (79%) were available for the last FU after 24 months. The LHB score increased from a preoperative mean of 77 ± 13 to 82 ± 16 at the 6-month assessment and to 89 ± 15 at 24 months postoperatively (P < .001). Additionally, significant improvements were observed in CMS (preoperative 57 ± 18; 24 months postoperative 87 ± 13; P < .001) and SSV (preoperative 47 ± 19; 24 months postoperative 88 ± 15; P < .001). Minimal clinically important differences of the CMS and SSV were reached by 87% and 94% of patients at 24 months, respectively. A higher 12-month LHB score significantly increased the likelihood of achievement of the minimal clinically important difference of the CMS (odds ratio: 1.402; 95% confidence interval [1.073, 1.834]; P = .013). Ultrasound examination revealed structural failure was identified in only 2 patients (3.2%) over the entire FU. No patients required revision surgery due to biceps-related issues or tenodesis failure.
Conclusion
Loop tenodesis for the treatment of LHB tendon lesions significantly improved functional outcome scores within the first 2 years, providing stable suprapectoral fixation without the need for an implant. Comparative studies are needed to validate the technique.