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The bias from heaping on risk estimation: effect of age at diagnosis of hypertension on risk of subsequent cardiovascular comorbidities

Jaeschke, Lina ; Becher, Matthias ; Velásquez, Ilais Moreno ; Ahrens, Wolfgang ; Bächle, Christina ; Baurecht, Hansjörg ; Fricke, Julia ; Greiser, Karin Halina ; Günther, Kathrin ; Heier, Margit ; Karch, André ; Kluttig, Alexander ; Krist, Lilian ; Leitzmann, Michael ; Michels, Karin ; Mikolajczyk, Rafael ; Peters, Annette ; Schipf, Sabine ; Völzke, Henry ; Pischon, Tobias ; Becher, Heiko



Abstract

Purpose: To investigate (1) the bias in effect estimation due to heaping or digit preference, (2) the as-sociation between age at hypertension diagnosis and risk of cardiovascular comorbidities, and (3) the influence of heaping on risk estimates.Methods: We performed a simulation study with various scenarios, binary outcome, and normal or log-normal distributed covariables. We calculated mean ...

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