Abstract
Objectives The aim of this study was to examine the effects of surface pre-treatment on CAD/CAM materials including ceramics, zirconia, resin-infiltrated ceramic, and resin-based composite. Materials and methods Specimens were made of ten CAD/CAM materials (Celtra Duo, Degudent, D; Vita Suprinity, Vita, D; E. max CAD, Ivoclar-Vivadent, FL; E.max ZirCAD, Ivoclar-Vivadent, FL; Vita Enamic, Vita, D; ...
Abstract
Objectives The aim of this study was to examine the effects of surface pre-treatment on CAD/CAM materials including ceramics, zirconia, resin-infiltrated ceramic, and resin-based composite. Materials and methods Specimens were made of ten CAD/CAM materials (Celtra Duo, Degudent, D; Vita Suprinity, Vita, D; E. max CAD, Ivoclar-Vivadent, FL; E.max ZirCAD, Ivoclar-Vivadent, FL; Vita Enamic, Vita, D; Cerasmart, GC, B; LAVA Ultimate, 3M, D; SHOFU Block HC, SHOFU, US; Grandio Blocs, VOCO, D; BRILLIANT Crios, Coltene, CH) and pretreated to represent clinical procedures (Hf 20 s/5%; phosphoric acid 20 s/37%; Monobond etch and prime (Ivoclar-Vivadent, FL); water-cooled diamond bur (80 mu m; 4 mu m); Al2O3-blasting (50 mu m/1 bar, 50 mu m/2 bar, 120 mu m/1 bar, 120 mu m/2 bar); untreated; manufacturer's instructions). SEM-analysis (Phenom, FEI, NL) of the surfaces was performed (magnifications <= 10,000x). Roughness values R-a, R-z (KJ 3D, Keyence, J), and surface energy SE (OCA15 plus, SCA20, DataPhysics, D) were determined (statistics: non-parametric Mann-Whitney U test/Kruskal-Wallis test for independent specimen, alpha = 0.05). Results Kruskal-Wallis revealed significant (p < 0.001) differences for all materials with different surface treatments. Roughness ranged from R-a = 0.05 mu m (VS; D4)/R-z = 0.41 mu m (VS; D4) to R-a = 1.82 mu m (EMA; SB120/2)/R-z = 12.05 mu m (CS; SB 120/2), SE from 22.7 mN/m (VE; M) to 52.8 mN/m (CD; M). SEM analysis showed material-dependent damages after pre-treatment. Conclusion Different CAD/CAM materials require individual pre-treatment for optimized and protective surface activation.
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