| License: Publishing license for publications including print on demand (11MB) |
- URN to cite this document:
- urn:nbn:de:bvb:355-epub-331200
- DOI to cite this document:
- 10.5283/epub.33120
| Item type: | Thesis of the University of Regensburg (PhD) |
|---|---|
| Date: | 2 January 2018 |
| Referee: | Prof. Dr. Jörg Heilmann |
| Date of exam: | 21 December 2015 |
| Institutions: | Chemistry and Pharmacy > Institute of Pharmacy > Pharmaceutical Biology (Prof. Heilmann) |
| Keywords: | Ethnopharmacological survey, Phytochemical characterization, Myrica salicifolia |
| Dewey Decimal Classification: | 500 Science > 540 Chemistry & allied sciences 600 Technology > 615 Pharmacy |
| Status: | Published |
| Refereed: | Yes, this version has been refereed |
| Created at the University of Regensburg: | Yes |
| Item ID: | 33120 |
Abstract (English)
In this study, an ethnopharmacological survey was conducted in Arusha and Manyara regions of north-eastern Tanzania. The objective of the survey was a detailed investigation and documentation of commonly used Maasai medicinal plants in the area. A total of 65 consented traditional medicinal practitioners (TMPs) were interviewed. Information was collected by using a semi structured questionnaire ...
Abstract (English)
In this study, an ethnopharmacological survey was conducted in Arusha and Manyara regions of north-eastern Tanzania. The objective of the survey was a detailed investigation and documentation of commonly used Maasai medicinal plants in the area. A total of 65 consented traditional medicinal practitioners (TMPs) were interviewed. Information was collected by using a semi structured questionnaire interview. Four commonly used medicinal plants were investigated, namely Myrica salicifolia (Myricaceae), Pappea capensis (Sapindaceae), Flacourtia indica (Salicaceae) and Vangueria apiculata (Rubiaceae). Documentation on plant parts used, drug preparation, traditional medicinal uses, drug administration and overdose management was achieved. A number of diseases were reported to be cured by the four plants. The most mentioned diseases to be treated by M. salicifolia were gonorrhoea (81%) and running nose (73%). P. capensis was mainly used for the enhancement of libido (89%) and to treat blood loss (72%). F. indica was applied to treat fever (92%), malaria (90%) and jaundice (87%). The most mentioned applications for V. apiculata were eye infection (73%) and diarrhoea (66%). Moreover, all four plants were reported to cure further disorders and diseases like joints pain, back pain, gouts, diarrhoea, stomach upset, etc. Furthermore, the survey revealed that barks and roots were the most utilized plant parts. Drug administration was observed not to be uniform, in terms of concentration, time and dose.
Phytochemical investigation of a crude methanolic extract of M. salicifolia bark was performed following its documented ethnopharmacological survey data. The phytochemical investigation resulted in isolation of 31 compounds belonging to different compounds classes: 8 proanthocyanidins, 1 ellagitannin, 17 cyclic diarylheptanoids, 3 methylated ellagic acid glycosides and 2 further compounds. 10 of the isolated compounds from M. salicifolia were identified to be completely new, not described in the literature yet. Additionally, the existence of a new class of compounds to the genus Myrica was also discovered, the so called methylated ellagic acid glycosides (MEAG). It was further noticed that the methanolic extract of M. salicifolia contained mainly proanthocyanidins and cyclic diarylheptanoids in large quantity compared to other compound classes. Moreover, taxonomic relationship of M. salifolia to other reported Myrica species was demonstrated by the compounds isolated from M. salicifolia. Some of the compounds were also reported from other Myrica species, for example myricanol (11) and myricanone (12). These two compounds are found in almost every Myrica species which has been phytochemically investigated.
Finally, the objective of the work was accomplished to a great extent, however further investigations are recommended for the future.
Due to time constraints, the isolated compounds were not investigated for their pharmacological activities. However, existing literature data on in-vitro and/or in-vivo biological activity of the mentioned classes of compounds isolated from other plants species and also from Myrica provide a preliminary indication of a healing potential of this plant.
To provide scientific confirmation of the healing potential of M. salicifolia bark, prospective in-vitro and/or in-vivo pharmacological investigations of the isolated compounds should be conducted by using assays which adhere to the diseases claimed to be treated by M. salicifolia bark.
Also further phytochemical investigation of M. salicifolia bark should be conducted to achieve the complete phytochemical composition of the bark. The future phytochemical investigation should focus on the non-polar extracts (dichloromethane and ethylacetate extracts) which could not be investigated in this research work. But also the polar extracts (methanol 100% and methanol 50% extract) should be further processed. In the methanolic fraction are still a great number of compounds not isolated as they were found in very small amounts. In addition, there are further compounds that would have a good yield, but due to time limitations they were not isolated yet.
Moreover, phytochemical and pharmacological investigations of the remaining three medicinal plants F. indica, P. capensis and V. apiculata should be performed in the same way as for M. salicifolia.
Lastly, dissemination of the results is essential and should be done to increase awareness of the four medicinal plants. This should be done in Arusha and Manyara regions, where the ethnopharmacological survey was conducted, but also in all other parts of Tanzania. Moreover, results dissemination should be done in different languages in such a way that every Tanzanian would understand and be in position to utilize the knowledge whenever in need.
Translation of the abstract (German)
Eine ethnopharmakologische Studie mit dem Ziel einer detaillierten Untersuchung und Dokumentation von häufig genutzten Heilpflanzen der Massai wurden in den Regionen Arusha und Manyara im Nordosten Tansanias durchgeführt. Insgesamt wurden 65 traditionelle Heiler mit Hilfe eines semistrukturierten Fragebogens befragt. Vier gebräuchliche Arzneipflanzen wurden untersucht: Myrica salicifolia ...
Translation of the abstract (German)
Eine ethnopharmakologische Studie mit dem Ziel einer detaillierten Untersuchung und Dokumentation von häufig genutzten Heilpflanzen der Massai wurden in den Regionen Arusha und Manyara im Nordosten Tansanias durchgeführt. Insgesamt wurden 65 traditionelle Heiler mit Hilfe eines semistrukturierten Fragebogens befragt. Vier gebräuchliche Arzneipflanzen wurden untersucht: Myrica salicifolia (Myricaceae), Pappea capensis (Sapindaceae), Flacourtia indica (Salicaceae) and Vangueria apiculata (Rubiaceae). Genutzte Pflanzenteile, Zubereitung der Arzneimittel, traditionelle Einsatzgebiete, Verabreichung und Umgang mit Überdosierung wurden dokumentiert.
Die vier Pflanzen wurden zur Behandlung einer Reihe von Krankheiten eingesetzt. M. salicifolia wurde am häufigsten eingesetzt um Gonorrhö (81%) und Schnupfen (73%) zu behandeln. P. capensis wurde hauptsächlich zur Erhöhung der Libido (89%) und nach Blutverlust (72%) eingesetzt. F. indica wurde angewendet um Fieber (92%), Malaria (90%) und Gelbsucht (87%) zu behandeln. Die am häufigsten genannten Einsatzgebiete für V. apiculata waren Augeninfektionen (73%) und Durchfall (66%). Außerdem wurde für alle vier Pflanzen berichtet, dass sie zur Behandlung weiterer gesundheitlicher Beschwerden wie Gelenkschmerzen, Rückenschmerzen, Durchfall, Magenverstimmung und bei Gicht eingesetzt werden. Die Studie ergab, dass Rinde und Wurzeln die am häufigsten genutzten Pflanzenteile darstellten. Die Verabreichung der Arzneimittel variierte bezüglich Konzentration, Zeitpunkt und Dosis.
Zusätzlich zur ethnopharmakologischen Studie, wurde der methanolische Extrakt der Rinde von M. salicifolia phytochemisch charakterisiert. Die Strukturaufklärung der isolierten Verbindungen erfolgte mittels 1D und 2D NMR, Massenspektrometrie, UV und CD Spektroskopie.
Die phytochemische Untersuchung zeigte, dass der methanolische Extrakt mengenmäßig vor allem Proanthocyanidine und zyklische Diarylheptanoide enthält. Zusätzlich konnte eine neue Klasse von Verbindungen für die Gattung Myrica nachgewiesen werden, sogenannte methylierte Ellagsäure-Glykoside.
Insgesamt wurden 31 Verbindungen aus verschiedenen Strukturklassen isoliert und ihre Struktur aufgeklärt. Die Substanzen umfassen 8 Proanthocyanidine, ein Ellagitannin, 17 zyklische Diarylheptanoide, 3 methylierte Ellagsäure-Glykoside, sowie 2 weitere Verbindungen. 10 der isolierten Substanzen sind bis dato nicht in der Literatur bekannt.
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