Background: Different measures of body fat composition may vary in their relations to parameters of chronic inflammation. Methods: We assessed the relations of visceral (VAT) and subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT), BMI, and waist circumference (WC) to serum concentrations of high-sensitive C-reactive protein (hs-CRP), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha), interleukin-6 (IL-6), resistin, and adiponectin in 97 healthy adults using multivariate linear regression models, adjusted for age, sex, smoking, physical activity, menopausal status, and use of aspirin or non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). Parameters of chronic inflammation were mutually adjusted. Results: VAT (beta = 0.34), SAT (beta = 0.43), BMI (beta = 0.40), and WC (beta = 0.47) were all significantly associated with hs-CRP. BMI was additionally inversely related to adiponectin (beta = -0.29). In exploratory subgroup analyses defined by gender, BMI, smoking, and use of aspirin or NSAIDs, VAT was the strongest indicator for increased levels of IL-6, SAT was the most consistent indicator for increased levels of hs-CRP, and BMI was the most consistent indicator for decreased levels of adiponectin. WC showed to be a weak indicator for increased levels of hs-CRP and decreased levels of adiponectin. Conclusion: VAT, SAT, BMI, and WC show distinct associations with parameters of chronic inflammation. Whether these differences reflect differential metabolic risks requires clarification by longitudinal studies. (C) 2016 The Author(s) Published by S. Karger GmbH, Freiburg