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Empl, Philip ; Schlette, Daniel ; Stöger, Lukas ; Pernul, Günther

Generating ICS vulnerability playbooks with open standards

Article

Empl, Philip , Schlette, Daniel , Stöger, Lukas and Pernul, Günther (2023) Generating ICS vulnerability playbooks with open standards. International Journal of Information Security 23, pp. 1215-1230.

DOI to cite this document: 10.5283/epub.55214


Abstract

Organizations face attacks on industrial control systems (ICS) as vulnerabilities are pervasive. However, patching vulnerable systems by simply updating to the newest version is often not an option and shifts focus to workarounds. Beyond pure patching, workarounds specify other remediation measures (e.g., firewall or VPN configuration) that must be taken due to system availability requirements, ...

Organizations face attacks on industrial control systems (ICS) as vulnerabilities are pervasive. However, patching vulnerable systems by simply updating to the newest version is often not an option and shifts focus to workarounds. Beyond pure patching, workarounds specify other remediation measures (e.g., firewall or VPN configuration) that must be taken due to system availability requirements, complexity, or heterogeneous devices. In this paper, we introduce vulnerability playbooks based on open standards. Pushing the envelope of cybersecurity playbooks—steps organizations should follow when responding to cybersecurity incidents reactively—for ICS vulnerability management offers organizations a more transparent, repeatable process and faster, possibly automated actions. We have designed a process model to collect and transform security advisories in Common Security Advisory Framework (CSAF) format and generate Collaborative Automated Course of Action Operations (CACAO) playbooks based on listed remediation advice. With a proof of concept, we demonstrate that structured CSAF documents can be seamlessly transformed into CACAO playbooks. For our industrial use case, we must also use unstructured security advice highlighting quality differences (compared to CSAF). Our generated 79 standard conformant CACAO playbooks with 485 identified actions hint at imbalanced advice toward patching. Preferably, vendors should include detailed technical remediation advice, provide APIs, and go beyond patching recommendations in their security advisories. Subscribers should structure their assets and use machine learning to normalize, generate, and prioritize CACAO playbooks. With CSAF and CACAO, we see two open standards for handling vulnerabilities.



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Details

Item typeArticle
Journal or Publication TitleInternational Journal of Information Security
PublisherSpringer
Open Access TypeDEAL (Springer)
Volume23
Page Rangepp. 1215-1230
Date11 December 2023
Date of publication21 Dec 2023 06:56
InstitutionsBusiness, Economics and Information Systems > Institut für Wirtschaftsinformatik > Lehrstuhl für Wirtschaftsinformatik I - Informationssysteme (Prof. Dr. Günther Pernul)
Informatics and Data Science > Department Information Systems > Lehrstuhl für Wirtschaftsinformatik I - Informationssysteme (Prof. Dr. Günther Pernul)
Identification Number
ValueType
10.1007/s10207-023-00760-5DOI
KeywordsVulnerability playbook · Security advisory · Industrial control system · CSAF · CVRF · CACAO
Dewey Decimal Classification000 Computer science, information & general works > 004 Computer science
StatusPublished
RefereedYes, this version has been refereed
Created at the University of RegensburgPartially
URN of the UB Regensburgurn:nbn:de:bvb:355-epub-552145
Item ID55214

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