Let T be a Tannakian category over a field k of characteristic 0 and (T) its fundamental group. In this paper we prove that there is a bijection between the otimes-equivalence classes of Tannakian subcategories of T and the normal affine group sub-T-schemes of (T). We apply this result to the Tannakian category T_1(k) generated by motives of niveau 1 defined over k, whose fundamental group is called the motivic Galois group G_mot(T_1(k)) of motives of niveau 1.
We find four short exact sequences of affine group sub-T_1(k)-schemes of G_mot(T_1(k)), correlated one to each other by inclusions and projections. Moreover, given a 1-motive M, we compute explicitly the biggest Tannakian subcategory of the one generated by M, whose fundamental group is commutative.