a1, In operant self-learning the fly, tethered to a torque meter, could operate a punishing heat-beam with its yaw torque. Torque of one domain (e.g., ‘right’) may turn the heat on and the other (e.g., left) off, or vice versa.

a2, Self-learning performance indices in a two-minute test with the heat permanently switched off immediately after eight minutes of training showed a significant impairment of FoxP³⁹⁵⁵ mutant flies compared to wild type Canton S (CS) control animals (Mann-Whitney U-Test, U = 101.5, p<0.003).

b1, In operant world-learning, the fly still operated the heat with its yaw torque, but the coloration of the environment changed with the heat as well, allowing for the colors to indicate both heat and torque domain.

b2, World-learning performance indices in a two minute test with the heat permanently switched off immediately after eight minutes of training. There was no significant difference in performance between the two strains (Mann-Whitney U-Test, U = 201.5, p<0.5). Numbers in bars denote number of animals throughout.